Natural Hazards Canadian 3rd Edition Keller Test Bank

1. 1 Introduction to Natural Hazards
2. Case History: Earthquake in Haiti, 2010: Lessons Learned
3. 1.1 Why Studying Natural Hazards Is Important
4. Hazardous Natural Processes and Energy Sources
5. Hazard, Risk, Disaster, and Catastrophe
6. Death and Damage Caused by Natural Hazards
7. 1.2 Magnitude and Frequency of Hazardous Events
8. 1.3 Role of History in Understanding Hazards
9. 1.4 Geologic Cycle
10. The Tectonic Cycle
11. The Rock Cycle
12. The Hydrologic Cycle
13. Biogeochemical Cycles
14. 1.5 Fundamental Concepts for Understanding Natural Processes as Hazards
15. Concept 1: Hazards can be understood through scientific investigation and analysis.
16. Science and Natural Hazards
17. Hazardous Processes Are Natural
18. Prediction, Forecast, and Warning
19. Concept 2: An understanding of hazardous processes is vital to evaluating risk.
20. Concept 3: Hazards are commonly linked to each other and to the environment in which they occur.
21. Concept 4: Population growth and socio-economic changes increase the risk from natural hazards.
22. Concept 5: Damage and loss of life from natural disasters can be reduced.
23. Reactive Response: Recovery from Disasters
24. Proactive Response: Avoiding and Adjusting to Hazards
25. 1.6 Many Hazards Provide a Natural Service Function
26. 1.7 Climate Change and Natural Hazards
27. Summary
28. Key Terms
29. Did You Learn?
30. Critical Thinking Questions
31. 2 Internal Structure of Earth and Plate Tectonics
32. Case History: Two Cities in Harm’s Way
33. 2.1 Internal Structure of Earth
34. Earth Is Layered and Dynamic
35. Continents and Ocean Basins Have Different Properties and History
36. 2.2 How We Know about Earth’s Internal Structure
37. 2.3 Plate Tectonics
38. Movement of Lithospheric Plates
39. Types of Plate Boundaries
40. Rates of Plate Motion
41. Hot Spots
42. A Closer Look 2.1 Paleomagnetism and Seafloor Spreading
43. A Famous Canadian’s Contribution to the Plate Tectonic Theory
44. 2.4 Mechanisms That Move Plates
45. 2.5 Plate Tectonics and Hazards
46. Revisiting the Fundamental Concepts Internal Structure of Earth and Plate Tectonics
47. Summary
48. Key Terms
49. Did You Learn?
50. Critical Thinking Questions
51. 3 Earthquakes
52. Case History: The Toll of Earthquakes
53. 3.1 Introduction to Earthquakes
54. Earthquake Magnitude
55. Earthquake Intensity
56. 3.2 Earthquake Processes
57. Process of Faulting
58. Fault Types
59. Fault Activity
60. Tectonic Creep and Slow Earthquakes
61. Seismic Waves
62. 3.3 Earthquake Shaking
63. Distance to the Epicentre and Focal Depth
64. Direction of Rupture
65. Local Soil and Rock Conditions
66. 3.4 The Earthquake Cycle
67. 3.5 Geographic Regions at Risk from Earthquakes
68. Plate-Boundary Earthquakes
69. Intraplate Earthquakes
70. 3.6 Effects of Earthquakes and Linkages with Other Natural Hazards
71. Shaking and Ground Rupture
72. Liquefaction
73. Survivor Story Shaky Honeymoon
74. Land-Level Changes
75. Landslides
76. Fires
77. Disease
78. 3.7 Natural Service Functions of Earthquakes
79. Groundwater and Energy Resources
80. Mineral Resources
81. Landform Development
82. 3.8 Human Interaction with Earthquakes
83. Reservoirs
84. Deep Waste Disposal
85. Pumping of Oil or Gas
86. Hydraulic Fracturing
87. Nuclear Explosions
88. 3.9 Minimizing the Earthquake Hazard
89. Earthquake Hazard Reduction Programs
90. Estimation of Seismic Risk
91. Case Study 3.1 The Denali Earthquake: Estimating Potential Ground Rupture Pays Off
92. Forecasts and Prediction
93. Status of Earthquake Prediction and Forecasting
94. Case Study 3.2 The 2009 L’Aquila Earthquake
95. Professional Profile Gail Atkinson, Seismologist
96. Earthquake Warning Systems
97. 3.10 Perception of and Adjustment to the Earthquake Hazard
98. Perception of the Earthquake Hazard
99. Community Adjustments to the Earthquake Hazard
100. Personal Adjustments Before, During, and After an Earthquake
101. Revisiting the Fundamental Concepts Earthquakes
102. Summary
103. Key Terms
104. Did You Learn?
105. Critical Thinking Questions
106. 4 Tsunamis
107. Case History: Giant Earthquake and Tsunami in Japan
108. 4.1 Introduction to Tsunamis
109. Earthquake-Triggered Tsunamis
110. Case Study 4.1 Catastrophe in the Indian Ocean
111. Survivor Story Swept Away by a Tsunami
112. A Closer Look 4.1 Geologic Evidence for Tsunamis
113. Landslide-Triggered Tsunamis
114. Volcanic-Triggered Tsunamis
115. 4.2 Regions at Risk
116. 4.3 Effects of Tsunamis and Links with Other Natural Hazards
117. 4.4 Minimizing the Tsunami Hazard
118. Detection and Warning
119. Structural Control
120. Tsunami Inundation Maps
121. Land Use
122. Probability Analysis
123. Education
124. Professional Profile Jose Borrero, Tsunami Scientist
125. Tsunami Readiness
126. 4.5 Perception and Personal Adjustment to Tsunami Hazard
127. Revisiting the Fundamental Concepts Tsunamis
128. Summary
129. Key Terms
130. Did You Learn?
131. Critical Thinking Questions
132. 5 Volcanoes and Volcanic Eruptions
133. Case History: Mount Unzen, 1991
134. 5.1 Introduction to Volcanoes
135. How Magma Forms
136. Magma Properties
137. Volcano Types
138. Volcanic Features
139. Case Study 5.1 Planning for a Disaster in Naples
140. Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics
141. 5.2 Geographic Regions with Active Volcanoes
142. 5.3 Volcanic Hazards
143. Lava Flows
144. Pyroclastic Flows and Surges
145. Lateral Blasts
146. Ash Falls
147. Case Study 5.2 Icelandic Eruption Paralyzes Air Travel in Europe
148. Poisonous Gases
149. Edifice or Sector Collapse
150. Debris Flows and Other Mass Movements
151. A Closer Look 5.1 Mount St. Helens 1980–2008: From Lateral Blasts to Lava Flows
152. 5.4 Links between Volcanoes and Other Natural Hazards
153. Professional Profile Catherine Hickson, Volcano Scientist
154. 5.5 Natural Service Functions of Volcanoes
155. Volcanic Soils
156. Geothermal Power
157. Recreation
158. Creation of New Land
159. 5.6 Minimizing the Volcanic Hazard
160. Forecasting
161. Volcanic Alert or Warning
162. 5.7 Perception of and Adjustment to the Volcanic Hazard
163. Perception of Volcanic Risk
164. Survivor Story A Close Call with Mount St. Helens
165. Adjustments to Volcanic Hazards
166. Revisiting the Fundamental Concepts Volcanoes and Volcanic Eruptions
167. Summary
168. Key Terms
169. Did You Learn?
170. Critical Thinking Questions
171. 6 Landslides
172. Case History: The Frank Slide
173. 6.1 Introduction to Landslides
174. Types of Landslides
175. Forces on Slopes
176. A Closer Look 6.1 Estimating the Velocity of Landslides from Their Run-Up and Superelevation
177. 6.2 Geographic Regions at Risk from Landslides
178. 6.3 Effects of Landslides and Links with Other Natural Hazards
179. Effects of Landslides
180. Links between Landslides and Other Natural Hazards
181. Survivor Story Landslide
182. Case Study 6.1 Mount Meager Landslides and Consequent Flooding
183. 6.4 Natural Service Functions of Landslides
184. 6.5 Human Interaction with Landslides
185. Timber Harvesting
186. Urbanization
187. 6.6 Minimizing Landslide Hazard and Risk
188. Identification of Potential Landslides
189. Professional Profile Matthias Jakob, Engineering Geologist
190. Prevention of Landslides
191. Landslide Warning Systems
192. 6.7 Perception of and Adjustment to Landslide Hazards
193. Perception of Landslide Hazards
194. Adjustments to the Landslide Hazard
195. Personal Adjustments: What You Can Do to Minimize Your Landslide Risk
196. Revisiting the Fundamental Concepts Landslides
197. Summary
198. Key Terms
199. Did You Learn?
200. Critical Thinking Questions
201. 7 Snow Avalanches
202. Case History: The Chilkoot Disaster
203. 7.1 Introduction to Snow Avalanches
204. Snow Climatology
205. Avalanche Initiation
206. Weak Layers
207. Avalanche Motion
208. Avalanche Triggering
209. Terrain Factors
210. 7.2 Geographic Regions at Risk of Avalanches
211. 7.3 Impacts of Avalanches and Links with Other Natural Hazards
212. Impacts of Avalanches
213. Links between Avalanches and Other Natural Hazards
214. 7.4 Natural Service Functions of Avalanches
215. 7.5 Human Interaction with Avalanches
216. 7.6 Minimizing Avalanche Risk
217. Location of Infrastructure
218. Structures in the Start Zone
219. Structures in the Track and Run-Out Zone
220. Control through the Use of Explosives
221. Case Study 7.1 Deadly Avalanche in Glacier National Park
222. Forecasting
223. Modelling
224. 7.7 Avalanche Safety
225. Good Habits Minimize Risk
226. Professional Profile Grant Statham, Parks Canada
227. 7.8 Avalanche Rescue and Survival
228. Avalanche Cords
229. Avalanche Transceivers
230. Probes
231. Shovels
232. Avalanche Dogs
233. Avalanche Survival
234. Revisiting the Fundamental Concepts Snow Avalanches
235. Summary
236. Key Terms
237. Did You Learn?
238. Critical Thinking Questions
239. 8 Subsidence and Soil Expansion and Contraction
240. Case History: Venice Is Sinking
241. 8.1 Introduction to Subsidence and Soil Expansion and Contraction
242. Karst
243. Survivor Story Sinkhole Drains Lake
244. Permafrost
245. Piping
246. Sediment Compaction
247. Expansive Soils
248. Earthquakes
249. Deflation of Magma Chambers
250. 8.2 Regions at Risk from Subsidence and Soil Expansion and Contraction
251. 8.3 Effects of Subsidence and Soil Expansion and Contraction
252. Sinkhole Formation
253. Groundwater Use and Contamination
254. Permafrost Thaw
255. Coastal Flooding and Loss of Wetlands
256. Soil Volume Changes
257. Case Study 8.1 Permafrost Thaw in Canada’s North
258. 8.4 Links between Subsidence, Soil Volume Changes, and Other Natural Hazards
259. Case Study 8.2 Loss of Wetlands on the Mississippi Delta
260. 8.5 Natural Service Functions of Subsidence
261. Water Supply
262. Aesthetic and Scientific Resources
263. Unique Ecosystems
264. 8.6 Human Interaction with Subsidence
265. Withdrawal of Fluids
266. Underground Mining
267. Permafrost Thaw
268. Restricting Deltaic Sedimentation
269. Draining Wetlands
270. Landscaping on Expansive Soils
271. 8.7 Minimizing Subsidence Hazards
272. Restricting Fluid Withdrawal
273. Regulating Mining
274. Preventing Damage from Thawing Permafrost
275. Reducing Damage from Deltaic Subsidence
276. Stopping the Draining of Wetlands
277. Preventing Damage from Expansive Soils
278. 8.8 Perception of and Adjustments to Subsidence and Soil Hazards
279. Perception of Subsidence and Soil Hazards
280. Adjustments to Subsidence and Soil Hazards
281. Revisiting the Fundamental Concepts Subsidence and Soil Expansion and Contraction
282. Summary
283. Key Terms
284. Did You Learn?
285. Critical Thinking Questions
286. 9 River Flooding
287. Case History: The Alberta Floods of 2013
288. 9.1 Introduction to Rivers
289. Earth Material Transported by Rivers
290. River Velocity, Discharge, Erosion, and Sediment Deposition
291. Channel Patterns and Floodplain Formation
292. 9.2 Flooding
293. Case Study 9.1 Mississippi River Floods of 1973 and 1993
294. Flash Floods and Downstream Floods
295. Survivor Story Flooding from Hurricane Hazel
296. Case Study 9.2 The Saguenay Flood
297. Outburst Floods
298. A Closer Look 9.1 Magnitude and Frequency of Floods
299. 9.3 Geographic Regions at Risk for Flooding
300. 9.4 Effects of Flooding and Links between Floods and Other Hazards
301. 9.5 Natural Service Functions
302. Fertile Land
303. Aquatic Ecosystems
304. Sediment Supply
305. 9.6 Human Interaction with Flooding
306. Land-Use Changes
307. Dam Construction
308. Urbanization and Flooding
309. 9.7 Minimizing the Flood Hazard
310. The Structural Approach
311. Channel Restoration: An Alternative to Channelization
312. Flood Forecasts and Advisories
313. 9.8 Perception of and Adjustment to Flood Hazards
314. Perception of Flood Hazards
315. Adjustments to the Flood Hazard
316. Professional Profile Eve Gruntfest, Geographer
317. Relocating People from Floodplains
318. Personal Adjustments: What to Do and What Not to Do
319. Revisiting the Fundamental Concepts River Flooding
320. Summary
321. Key Terms
322. Did You Learn?
323. Critical Thinking Questions
324. 10 Atmosphere and Severe Weather
325. Case History: The 1998 Ice Storm
326. 10.1 Energy
327. Types of Energy
328. Heat Transfer
329. 10.2 Energy at Earth’s Surface
330. Electromagnetic Energy
331. Energy Behaviour
332. 10.3 The Atmosphere
333. Composition of the Atmosphere
334. Structure of the Atmosphere
335. 10.4 Weather Processes
336. Atmospheric Pressure
337. Vertical Stability of the Atmosphere
338. Fronts
339. 10.5 Hazardous Weather
340. Thunderstorms
341. A Closer Look 10.1 Coriolis Effect
342. Case Study 10.1 Lightning
343. Tornadoes
344. Survivor Story Struck by Lightning
345. Case Study 10.2 The Edmonton Tornado
346. Blizzards, Extreme Cold, and Ice Storms
347. Fog
348. Drought
349. Dust and Sand Storms
350. Heat Waves
351. 10.6 Human Interaction with Weather
352. 10.7 Links with Other Hazards
353. 10.8 Natural Service Functions of Severe Weather
354. 10.9 Minimizing Severe Weather Hazards
355. Forecasting and Predicting Weather Hazards
356. Adjustment to Severe Weather Hazards
357. Revisiting the Fundamental Concepts Atmosphere and Severe Weather
358. Summary
359. Key Terms
360. Did You Learn?
361. Critical Thinking Questions
362. 11 Hurricanes and Extratropical Cyclones
363. Case History: Hurricane Katrina
364. Survivor Story Hurricane Katrina
365. 11.1 Introduction to Cyclones
366. Classification
367. Naming
368. 11.2 Cyclone Development
369. Tropical Cyclones
370. Extratropical Cyclones
371. 11.3 Geographic Regions at Risk for Cyclones
372. Case Study 11.1 Hurricane Juan
373. 11.4 Effects of Cyclones
374. Storm Surge
375. High Winds
376. Case Study 11.2 Hurricane Sandy
377. Heavy Rains
378. 11.5 Links between Cyclones and Other Natural Hazards
379. 11.6 Natural Service Functions of Severe Weather
380. 11.7 Human Interaction with Weather
381. 11.8 Minimizing the Effects of Cyclones
382. Forecasts and Warnings
383. 11.9 Perception of and Adjustment to Cyclones
384. Perception of Cyclones
385. Adjustments to Cyclones
386. Revisiting the Fundamental Concepts Hurricanes and Extratropical Cyclones
387. Summary
388. Key Terms
389. Did You Learn?
390. Critical Thinking Questions
391. 12 Waves, Currents, and Coastlines
392. Case History: Harris Meisner’s Farm by the Sea
393. 12.1 Introduction to Coastal Hazards
394. 12.2 Coastal Processes
395. Waves
396. Case Study 12.1 Rogue Waves
397. Beach Form and Processes
398. 12.3 Sea-Level Change
399. Eustatic Sea-Level Change
400. Isostatic Sea-Level Change
401. Tectonic and Other Effects
402. 12.4 Coastal Hazards
403. Rip Currents
404. Coastal Erosion
405. Professional Profile Phil Hill, Coastal Geologist
406. A Closer Look 12.1 Beach Budget
407. Sea-Level Rise
408. 12.5 Links between Coastal Processes and Other Natural Hazards
409. 12.6 Natural Service Functions of Coastal Processes
410. 12.7 Human Interaction with Coastal Processes
411. 12.8 Minimizing Damage from Coastal Hazards
412. Hard Stabilization
413. A Closer Look 12.2 E-Lines and E-Zones
414. Soft Solutions
415. 12.9 Perception of Coastal Hazards
416. 12.10 Future Coastal Zone Management
417. Revisiting the Fundamental Concepts Coastal Hazards
418. Summary
419. Key Terms
420. Did You Learn?
421. Critical Thinking Questions
422. 13 Wildfires
423. Case History: Wildfires in British Columbia in 2003
424. 13.1 Introduction to Wildfire
425. 13.2 Wildfire as a Process
426. Fire Environment
427. 13.3 Geographic Regions at Risk from Wildfires
428. Case Study 13.1 Wildfires in Canada
429. Case Study 13.2 The 2011 Slave Lake Wildfire
430. 13.4 Effects of Wildfires and Links with Climate
431. Effects on the Geological Environment
432. Effects on the Atmosphere
433. Links with Climate
434. Professional Profile Bob Krans
435. 13.5 Impacts of Wildfires on Plants and Animals
436. 13.6 Natural Service Functions of Wildfires
437. Case Study 13.3 Yellowstone Fires of 1988
438. 13.7 Fire Management
439. Scientific Research
440. Data Collection
441. Fire Suppression
442. 13.8 Perception of and Adjustment to the Wildfire Hazard
443. Perception of Wildfire Hazard
444. Reducing Wildfire Risk
445. Survivor Story The Cedar Fire
446. Revisiting the Fundamental Concepts Wildfires
447. Summary
448. Key Terms
449. Did You Learn?
450. Critical Thinking Questions
451. 14 Climate Change
452. Case History: Arctic Threatened by Climate Change
453. 14.1 Global Change and Earth System Science: An Overview
454. 14.2 Climate and Weather
455. 14.3 The Atmosphere
456. Composition of the Atmosphere
457. Structure of the Atmosphere
458. Atmospheric Circulation
459. The Greenhouse Effect
460. 14.4 How We Study Climate Change and Make Predictions of Future Climate
461. Tree Rings
462. Sediments
463. Ice Cores
464. Pollen
465. Global Climate Models
466. 14.5 Climate Change on Long Timescales
467. Pleistocene Glaciation
468. 14.6 Climate Change on Short Timescales
469. Evidence for Climate Change on Short Timescales
470. Causes of Climate Change on Short Timescales
471. 14.7 Effects of Climate Change
472. Glacier Ice and Sea-Level Rise
473. Glacier Hazards
474. Thawing of Permafrost
475. Changes in Climate Patterns
476. Changes in the Biosphere
477. Desertification and Drought
478. Case Study 14.1 Palliser Triangle
479. Wildfires
480. 14.8 Minimizing the Effects of Global Warming
481. International Agreements
482. Carbon Sequestration
483. Fossil Fuels and Future Climate Change
484. A Closer Look 14.1 Abrupt Climate Change
485. 14.9 Adaptation
486. Revisiting the Fundamental Concepts Climate Change
487. Summary
488. Key Terms
489. Did You Learn?
490. Critical Thinking Questions
491. 15 Impacts and Extinctions
492. Case History: The Tunguska Event
493. 15.1 Earth’s Place in Space
494. Asteroids, Meteoroids, and Comets
495. 15.2 Airbursts and Impacts
496. Impact Craters
497. Survivor Story Meteorites in Illinois
498. Case Study 15.1 The Sudbury Impact Event
499. Case Study 15.2 Uniformitarianism, Gradualism, and Catastrophes
500. 15.3 Mass Extinctions
501. K-T Boundary Mass Extinction
502. 15.4 Links with Other Natural Hazards
503. 15.5 Impact Hazards and Risk
504. Risk Related to Impacts
505. Managing the Impact Hazard
506. Revisiting the Fundamental Concepts Impacts and Extinctions
507. Summary
508. Key Terms
509. Did You Learn?
510. Critical Thinking Questions
511. Glossary
512. References
513. Index

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