Basics of Social Research Canadian 4th Edition Neuman Solutions Manual

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  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0134308050
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0134308050
  • Author:  W. Lawrence Neuman, Karen Robson

Basics of Social Research helps students understand what researchers do and why, while preparing them to think critically about how content findings are created.

The information in this text is presented in an easy to understand manner that allows students to see the importance of properly conducted research.

Updated Canadian content focuses on real research examples from Canadian studies to make social research accessible to students, and to demonstrate how social research has real-world applications.

 

Table of Content:

  1. Part I Foundations
  2. Chapter 1 Doing Social Research
  3. Learning Objectives
  4. Introduction
  5. Why Do Social Research?
  6. Alternatives to Social Research
  7. Authority
  8. Tradition
  9. Common Sense
  10. Media Myths
  11. Personal Experience
  12. How Science Works
  13. Science
  14. The Scientific Community
  15. The Scientific Method and Attitude
  16. Steps in the Research Process
  17. Use of Research
  18. Academic Research
  19. Applied Research
  20. Purpose of a Study
  21. Exploration
  22. Description
  23. Explanation
  24. Time Dimension in Research
  25. Cross-Sectional Research
  26. Longitudinal Research
  27. Time-Series Study
  28. Panel Study
  29. Cohort Study
  30. Case Studies
  31. Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches
  32. Quantitative Data Collection Techniques
  33. Experiments
  34. Surveys
  35. Content Analysis
  36. Existing Statistics
  37. Qualitative Data Collection Techniques
  38. Qualitative Interviews
  39. Focus Groups
  40. Field Research
  41. Historical Research
  42. Content Analysis
  43. Chapter Summary
  44. Review Questions
  45. Exercises
  46. Chapter 2 Theory and Social Research
  47. Learning Objectives
  48. Introduction
  49. What is Theory?
  50. Levels of Theory
  51. Empirical Generalizations and Middle-Range Theory
  52. The Parts of Theory
  53. Assumptions
  54. Agency and Structure
  55. Ontology and Epistemology
  56. Two Major Paradigms
  57. Positivist Approach
  58. Interpretive Approach
  59. Major Theoretical Frameworks
  60. Direction of Theorizing
  61. Deductive Approach
  62. Inductive Approach
  63. Explaining Relationships in Social Research
  64. Causal Explanation
  65. Temporal order
  66. Association
  67. Eliminating Alternatives
  68. Chapter Summary
  69. Review Questions
  70. Exercises
  71. Chapter 3 Ethics in Social Research
  72. Learning Objectives
  73. Introduction
  74. Why Be Ethical?
  75. Scientific Misconduct
  76. Unethical but Legal
  77. Power Relations
  78. Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants
  79. Origins of Research Participant Protection
  80. Physical Harm, Psychological Abuse, and Legal Jeopardy
  81. Physical Harm
  82. Psychological Abuse, Stress, or Loss of Self-Esteem
  83. Legal Harm
  84. Other Harm to Participants
  85. Maximizing Benefit
  86. Deception and Consent
  87. Informed Consent
  88. Special Populations and New Inequalities
  89. Privacy, Anonymity, and Confidentiality
  90. Privacy
  91. Anonymity
  92. Confidentiality
  93. Privacy, Anonymity, and Confidentiality in Online Research
  94. Respect for Human Dignity
  95. Mandated Protections of Research Participants
  96. Ethics and the Scientific Community
  97. Ethics and The Sponsors of Research
  98. Whistle-Blowing
  99. Arriving at Particular Findings
  100. Limits on How to Conduct Studies
  101. Suppressing Findings
  102. Concealing the True Sponsor
  103. Politics of Research
  104. Chapter Summary
  105. Review Questions
  106. Exercises
  107. Chapter 4 Reviewing the Scholarly Literature and Planning a Study
  108. Learning Objectives
  109. Introduction
  110. Locating Relevant Sources
  111. How to Find Research Literature
  112. Books
  113. Periodicals
  114. Scholarly Journals
  115. Other Types of Periodicals
  116. Dissertations
  117. Government Documents
  118. Policy Reports
  119. Citation Styles
  120. How To Conduct a Systematic Literature Review
  121. Define and Refine a Topic
  122. Design a Search Strategy
  123. Locate Research Reports
  124. Taking Notes
  125. What to Record
  126. Organize Your Notes
  127. Writing the Review
  128. Synthesize
  129. Avoid Failing to Synthesize
  130. Avoid Over-quoting
  131. Do Not Plagiarize
  132. The Difference Between a Good Review and a Bad Review
  133. Chapter Summary
  134. Review Questions
  135. Exercises
  136. Chapter 5 Designing a Study
  137. Learning Objectives
  138. Introduction
  139. Qualitative and Quantitative Orientations Toward Research
  140. Linear and Nonlinear Paths
  141. Preplanned and Emergent Research Questions
  142. Qualitative Design Issues
  143. The Language of Cases and Contexts
  144. The Context Is Critical
  145. The Case and the Process
  146. Interpretation
  147. Quantitative Design Issues
  148. The Language of Variables and Hypotheses
  149. Variation and Variables
  150. Types of Variables
  151. Causal Theory and Hypotheses
  152. The Hypothesis and Causality
  153. Testing and Refining Hypotheses
  154. Types of Hypotheses
  155. Aspects of Explanation
  156. Clarity About Units and Levels of Analysis
  157. Ecological Fallacy
  158. Example
  159. Reductionism
  160. Example
  161. Spuriousness
  162. Example 1
  163. Example 2
  164. Tautology and Teleology
  165. From the Research Question to Hypotheses
  166. Chapter Summary
  167. Review Questions
  168. Exercises
  169. Chapter 6 Qualitative and Quantitative Measurement
  170. Learning Objectives
  171. Introduction
  172. Why Measure?
  173. Quantitative and Qualitative Measurement
  174. Parts of the Measurement Process
  175. Quantitative Conceptualization and Operationalization
  176. Qualitative Conceptualization and Operationalization
  177. Conceptualization
  178. Operationalization
  179. Reliability and Validity
  180. Reliability and Validity in Quantitative Research
  181. Reliability
  182. How to Improve Reliability
  183. Clear Conceptualization
  184. Increase the Level of Measurement
  185. Use Multiple Indicators of a Variable
  186. Use Pretests, Pilot Studies, and Replication
  187. Validity
  188. Types of Measurement Validity
  189. Face Validity
  190. Content Validity
  191. Criterion Validity
  192. Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research
  193. Reliability
  194. Validity
  195. The Relationship between Reliability and Validity
  196. Other Uses of the Terms Reliability and Validity
  197. Reliability
  198. Internal Validity
  199. External Validity
  200. Statistical Validity
  201. A Guide to Quantitative Measurement
  202. Levels of Measurement
  203. Continuous and Discrete Variables
  204. Four Levels of Measurement
  205. Precision and Levels
  206. Distinguishing among the Four Levels
  207. Mutually Exclusive and Exhaustive Attributes
  208. Specialized Measures: Scales and Indices
  209. Indices and Scales
  210. Index Construction
  211. The Purpose
  212. Scales
  213. The Purpose
  214. Logic of Scaling
  215. Commonly Used Scales
  216. Likert Scale
  217. Rates and Standardization
  218. Chapter Summary
  219. Review Questions
  220. Exercises
  221. Chapter 7 Qualitative and Quantitative Sampling
  222. Learning Objectives
  223. Introduction
  224. Nonprobability Sampling
  225. Haphazard, Accidental, or Convenience Sampling
  226. Quota Sampling
  227. Purposive Sampling
  228. Snowball Sampling
  229. Sequential Sampling
  230. Probability Sampling
  231. Populations, Elements, and Sampling Frames
  232. Why Random?
  233. Types of Probability Samples
  234. Simple Random
  235. Systematic Sampling
  236. Stratified Sampling
  237. Cluster Sampling
  238. Probability Proportionate to Size (PPS)
  239. Random-Digit Dialing
  240. Hidden Populations
  241. How Large Should a Sample Be?
  242. Drawing Inferences
  243. Chapter Summary
  244. Review Questions
  245. Exercises
  246. Part II Conducting Quantitative Research
  247. Chapter 8 Survey Research
  248. Learning Objectives
  249. Introduction
  250. Research Questions Appropriate for a Survey
  251. The Logic of Survey Research
  252. What Is a Survey?
  253. Steps in Conducting a Survey
  254. Constructing the Questionnaire
  255. Principles of Good Question Writing
  256. Aiding Respondent Recall
  257. Questions Requiring Special Consideration
  258. Threatening Questions
  259. Socially Desirable Questions
  260. Knowledge Questions
  261. Skip or Contingency Questions
  262. Open versus Closed Questions
  263. Nonattitudes and the Middle Positions
  264. Agree/Disagree, Rankings or Ratings?
  265. Wording Issues
  266. Questionnaire Design Issues
  267. Length of Survey or Questionnaire
  268. Question Order or Sequence
  269. Organization of Questionnaire
  270. Order Effects
  271. Context Effects
  272. Format and Layout
  273. Questionnaire Layout
  274. Question Format
  275. Nonresponse
  276. Types of Surveys: Advantages and Disadvantages
  277. Mail and Self-Administered Questionnaires
  278. Advantages
  279. Disadvantages
  280. Online Surveys
  281. Advantages
  282. Disadvantages
  283. Telephone Interviews
  284. Advantages
  285. Disadvantages
  286. Face-to-Face Interviews
  287. Advantages
  288. Disadvantages
  289. Interviewing
  290. The Role of the Interviewer
  291. Stages of an Interview
  292. Training Interviewers
  293. Interviewer Bias
  294. Computer-Assisted Interviewing
  295. The Ethical Survey
  296. Chapter Summary
  297. Review Questions
  298. Exercises
  299. Chapter 9 Experimental Research
  300. Learning Objectives
  301. Introduction
  302. Research Questions Appropriate for an Experiment
  303. The Issue of an Appropriate Technique
  304. Research Questions for Experimental Research
  305. Random Assignment
  306. Why Randomly Assign?
  307. How to Randomly Assign
  308. Matching versus Random Assignment
  309. Experimental Design Logic
  310. The Language of Experiments
  311. Parts of the Experiment
  312. Steps in Conducting an Experiment
  313. Control in Experiments
  314. Types of Design
  315. Classical Experimental Design
  316. Example
  317. Pre-experimental Designs
  318. One-Shot Case Study Design
  319. Example
  320. One-Group Pretest–Post-test Design
  321. Example
  322. Static Group Comparison
  323. Example
  324. Quasi-Experimental and Special Designs
  325. Two-Group Post-test–Only Design
  326. Interrupted Time Series
  327. Equivalent Time Series
  328. Latin Square Designs
  329. Solomon Four-Group Design
  330. Factorial Designs
  331. Design Notation
  332. Internal and External Validity
  333. The Logic of Internal Validity
  334. Threats to Internal Validity
  335. Selection Bias
  336. History Effects
  337. Maturation
  338. Testing Effect
  339. Instrumentation
  340. Mortality
  341. Statistical Regression
  342. Diffusion of Treatment or Contamination
  343. Experimenter Expectancy
  344. External Validity and Field Experiments
  345. Reactivity
  346. Field Experiments
  347. Natural Experiments
  348. Practical Considerations
  349. Planning and Pilot Tests
  350. Instructions to Subjects
  351. Post-experiment Interview
  352. Results of Experimental Research: Making Comparisons
  353. A Word on Ethics
  354. Chapter Summary
  355. Review Questions
  356. Exercises
  357. Chapter 10 Nonreactive Quantitative Research and Secondary Analysis
  358. Learning Objectives
  359. Introduction
  360. Nonreactive Measurement
  361. The Logic of Nonreactive Research
  362. Varieties of Nonreactive or Unobtrusive Observation
  363. Recording and Documentation
  364. Quantitative Content Analysis
  365. What Is Content Analysis?
  366. Topics Appropriate for Quantitative Content Analysis
  367. Measurement and Coding
  368. General Issues
  369. Units
  370. What Is Measured?
  371. Coding, Validity, and Reliability
  372. Manifest Coding
  373. Latent Coding
  374. Intercoder Reliability
  375. How to Conduct Content Analysis Research
  376. Question Formulation
  377. Units of Analysis
  378. Sampling
  379. Variables and Constructing Coding Categories
  380. Inferences
  381. Existing Statistics and Documents and Secondary Data Analysis
  382. Appropriate Topics
  383. Social Indicators
  384. Locating Data
  385. Locating Existing Statistics
  386. Secondary Survey Data
  387. Limitations
  388. Units of Analysis and Variable Attributes
  389. Validity
  390. Reliability
  391. Missing Data
  392. Ethical Concerns
  393. Chapter Summary
  394. Review Questions
  395. Exercises
  396. Chapter 11 Analysis of Quantitative Data
  397. Learning Objectives
  398. Introduction
  399. Dealing with Data
  400. Coding Data
  401. Entering Data
  402. Cleaning Data
  403. Results with One Variable
  404. Frequency Distributions
  405. Measures of Central Tendency
  406. Measures of Variation
  407. Results with Two Variables
  408. A Bivariate Relationship
  409. Seeing the Relationship: The Scattergram
  410. What Is a Scattergram (or Scatterplot)?
  411. How to Construct a Scattergram
  412. What Can You Learn from the Scattergram?
  413. Form
  414. Direction
  415. Precision
  416. Bivariate Tables
  417. What Is a Bivariate Table?
  418. Reading a Percentaged Table
  419. Bivariate Tables without Percentages
  420. Measures of Association
  421. More than two Variables
  422. Statistical Control
  423. Constructing Trivariate Tables
  424. Linear Regression Analysis
  425. Inferential Statistics
  426. The Purpose of Inferential Statistics
  427. Statistical Significance
  428. Levels of Significance
  429. Type I and Type II Errors
  430. Chapter Summary
  431. Review Questions
  432. Exercises
  433. Part III Conducting Qualitative Research
  434. Chapter 12 Qualitative Interviewing
  435. Learning Objectives
  436. Introduction
  437. Research Questions Appropriate for Qualitative Interviewing
  438. Similarities and Differences between Qualitative Interviews and Friendly Conversations
  439. Key Elements in Qualitative Interviewing
  440. Interview Guide
  441. Asking Questions in Qualitative Interviews
  442. Kvale Question Types
  443. Sampling in Qualitative Interviews
  444. How Many People to Interview?
  445. Incentives
  446. Interview Sites
  447. Recording and Transcribing
  448. Advantages and Limitations of Qualitative Interviews
  449. From the Perspective of the Interviewee
  450. Data Rich with Description
  451. Development of New Theories
  452. Development of New Avenues of Research
  453. Problems with Validity and Reliability
  454. Focus Groups
  455. The Focus Group Procedure
  456. The Role of the Moderator
  457. Composition of Focus Groups
  458. The Number of Groups in a Focus Group Study
  459. Focus Groups as Social Groups
  460. Qualitative Data Resources
  461. Chapter Summary
  462. Review Questions
  463. Exercises
  464. Chapter 13 Field Research
  465. Learning Objectives
  466. Introduction
  467. Questions Appropriate for Field Research
  468. Ethnography
  469. The Logic of Field Research
  470. What Is Field Research?
  471. Steps in a Field Research Project
  472. Preparing, Reading, and Defocusing
  473. Selecting a Field Site and Gaining Access to It
  474. Entering the Field and Establishing Social Relations with Members
  475. Level of Involvement
  476. Strategy for Entering
  477. Planning
  478. Negotiating
  479. Disclosing
  480. Adopting a Social Role and Learning the Ropes
  481. Presentation of Self
  482. Researcher as Instrument
  483. An Attitude of Strangeness
  484. Building Rapport
  485. Charm and Trust
  486. Understanding
  487. Relations in the Field
  488. Roles in the Field
  489. Pre-existing versus Created Roles
  490. Limits on the Role Chosen
  491. Normalizing Social Research
  492. Maintaining Relations
  493. Social Relations
  494. Small Favours
  495. Conflicts in the Field
  496. Appearing Interested
  497. Observing and Collecting Data
  498. Watching and Listening
  499. Observing
  500. Listening
  501. Taking Notes
  502. Types of Field Notes
  503. Jotted Notes
  504. Direct Observation Notes
  505. Researcher Inference Notes
  506. Analytic Notes
  507. Personal Notes
  508. Maps and Diagrams
  509. Machine Recordings to Supplement Memory
  510. Data Quality
  511. Trustworthiness of Data
  512. Credibility
  513. Transferability
  514. Dependability
  515. Confirmability
  516. Focusing and Sampling
  517. Focusing
  518. Sampling
  519. Leaving the Field
  520. Ethical Dilemmas of Field Research
  521. Deception
  522. Confidentiality
  523. Involvement with Deviants
  524. Publishing Field Reports
  525. Chapter Summary
  526. Review Questions
  527. Exercises
  528. Chapter 14 Nonreactive Qualitative Research
  529. Learning Objectives
  530. Introduction
  531. Historical research
  532. Research Questions Appropriate for Historical Research
  533. The Logic of Historical Research and Quantitative Research
  534. Quantitative versus Historical Research
  535. The Logic of Historical Research and Interpretive Research
  536. A Distinct Historical Approach
  537. Similarities to Field Research
  538. Unique Features of Historical Research
  539. Steps in a Historical Research Project
  540. Conceptualizing the Object of Inquiry
  541. Locating Evidence
  542. Evaluating Quality of Evidence
  543. Organizing Evidence
  544. Synthesizing
  545. Writing a Report
  546. Data and Evidence in Historical Context
  547. Types of Historical Evidence
  548. Primary Sources
  549. Secondary Sources
  550. Running Records
  551. Recollections
  552. Research with Secondary Sources
  553. Uses and Limitations
  554. Potential Problems
  555. Research with Primary Sources
  556. Equivalence in Historical Research
  557. The Importance of Equivalence
  558. Contextual Equivalence
  559. Conceptual Equivalence
  560. The Qualitative Analysis of Text
  561. Research Problems Appropriate for Qualitative Content Analysis
  562. The Major Differences between Qualitative and Quantitative Content Analyses
  563. The Different Types of Qualitative Content Analyses
  564. Discourse Analysis
  565. Chapter Summary
  566. Review Questions
  567. Exercises
  568. Chapter 15 Analysis of Qualitative Data
  569. Learning Objectives
  570. Introduction
  571. Comparing Methods of Data Analysis
  572. Similarities
  573. Differences
  574. Explanations and Qualitative Data
  575. Coding and Concept Formation
  576. Conceptualization
  577. Coding Qualitative Data
  578. Analytical Memo Writing
  579. Did I Do It Right?
  580. Other Techniques
  581. Flowchart and Time Sequence
  582. Diagrams
  583. Chapter Summary
  584. Review Questions
  585. Exercises
  586. Part IV Mixing Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
  587. Chapter 16 Combining Methods in Social Science Research
  588. Learning Objectives
  589. Introduction
  590. Overall Advantages and Disadvantages of the Quantitative Approaches
  591. Advantages and Disadvantages of Specific Quantitative Approaches
  592. Survey Research
  593. Experiments
  594. Nonreactive Methods
  595. Overall Advantages and Disadvantages of Qualitative Approaches
  596. Advantages and Disadvantages of Specific Qualitative Approaches
  597. Qualitative Interviews
  598. Focus Groups
  599. Field Research
  600. Historical Research
  601. Qualitative Content Analysis
  602. Mixing Methods in Qualitative-only and Quantitative-only Analyses
  603. Mixing Quantitative Methods with Quantitative Methods
  604. Mixing Qualitative Methods with Qualitative Methods
  605. Mixing Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
  606. The Stages of Mixed Methods Research
  607. Priority and Sequence in Data Collection
  608. Sequential and Concurrent as Procedure in Data Analysis
  609. Sampling in Mixed Methods Designs
  610. The Role of Theory in Mixed Methods Research
  611. Theory in Sequential Mixed Methods Studies
  612. Theory in Concurrent Mixed Methods Studies
  613. Obtaining Conflicting Results
  614. Arguments Against Mixing Methods
  615. Chapter Summary
  616. Review Questions
  617. Exercises
  618. Appendix Doing a Research Project
  619. Introduction
  620. Step 1: Picking a Topic and Narrowing It to a Research Question
  621. Step 2: Theoretical Considerations
  622. Step 3: Reviewing the Literature
  623. Step 4: Designing Your Study and Selecting Your Data Collection Method
  624. Step 5: Selecting Your Sample
  625. Step 6: Preparing Your Instrument
  626. Step 7: Collecting Your Data
  627. Step 8: Analyzing Your Data
  628. Step 9: Writing Up Your Findings
  629. Glossary
  630. Endnotes
  631. References
  632. Name Index
  633. A
  634. B
  635. C
  636. D
  637. F
  638. G
  639. H
  640. I
  641. J
  642. K
  643. L
  644. M
  645. N
  646. O
  647. P
  648. R
  649. S
  650. T
  651. V
  652. W
  653. Y
  654. Z
  655. Subject Index
  656. A
  657. B
  658. C
  659. D
  660. E
  661. F
  662. G
  663. H
  664. I
  665. J
  666. K
  667. L
  668. M
  669. N
  670. O
  671. P
  672. Q
  673. R
  674. S
  675. T
  676. U
  677. V
  678. W
  679. Z

 

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