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  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0176582959
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0176582951
  • Author:  Christopher Cochrane

For over 30 years, Canadian Politics: Critical Approaches has engaged students in the history and debates of the Canadian political environment. The country has changed a great deal over these past decades; however, Canada’s political institutions have not. The relative stability of political institutions in the face of rapidly changing social, economic, and international environments is an enduring theme of Canadian politics. With the most recent election, the federal government laid out an ambitious agenda of political reform. Among other changes, the new government has pledged to reform the House of Commons, the senate, and the way votes are counted and seats are allocated in elections. This text provides readers with the tools and background knowledge to help them think seriously and critically about these and many other questions that Canada now faces. This text places its major focus between the two parts of the Canadian political system: its “environment” and its institutions. Students will be deeply engaged in the clash of interests from which Canadian political activity has stemmed, and will be equally fascinated by topics related to political culture, the mass media, public opinion, elections, and advocacy groups that will introduce them to the vibrant and dynamic world of Canadian politics. This new eighth edition of Canadian Politics: Critical Approaches seeks to make informed critics of its readers by presenting the relevant, challenging concepts of Canada’s political system with a balanced and engaging account of both political institutions and social influencers.

 

Table of Content:

  1. Part 1: Introduction
  2. Chapter 1: Approaching the Study of Politics
  3. The Political System
  4. Approaches To The Study Of Politics
  5. Institutional Approaches
  6. State-Based Approaches
  7. Political Sociology Approaches
  8. Political Psychology and Political Behaviour Approaches
  9. The Rational Choice Approach
  10. Conclusion
  11. Discussion Questions
  12. Notes
  13. Further Reading
  14. Chapter 2: Institutional Foundations and the Evolution of the State
  15. Early Institutional Developments
  16. The Road To Confederation
  17. The British Parliamentary System Compared With The American Congressional System
  18. Canadian And American Federalism
  19. The Road To Canadian Sovereignty
  20. Principles Of The Canadian Constitution
  21. Conclusion
  22. Discussion Questions
  23. Notes
  24. Further Reading
  25. Part 2: The Societal Context Cleavages and Identities
  26. Chapter 3: Regionalism
  27. Theoretical Considerations
  28. Geography
  29. Physiographic Regions
  30. Transportation and Communications Systems
  31. Population Distribution
  32. Economy
  33. The Atlantic Region
  34. Quebec
  35. Ontario
  36. The Prairie Region
  37. British Columbia
  38. The North
  39. Historic Regional Conflicts
  40. Ownership of Natural Resources
  41. Tariffs
  42. Transportation
  43. Banking
  44. The Atlantic Provinces
  45. Recent Regional Conflicts
  46. Taxation and Regulation of Natural Resources
  47. Other Regional Economic Conflicts
  48. Regional Economic Disparities
  49. Regional Identities
  50. Conclusion
  51. Discussion Questions
  52. Notes
  53. Further Reading
  54. Chapter 4: Aboriginal Peoples
  55. Aboriginal Demographic Profile Today
  56. Historical Evolution
  57. Setting The Stage For Change
  58. From The White Paper To The Charlottetown Accord
  59. Early Land Claims
  60. The Constitution Act, 1982 and the Meech Lake Accord
  61. Land Issues in 1990
  62. The Charlottetown Accord, 1992
  63. Aboriginal Issues In The ChrÉtien Era, 1993-2003
  64. Aboriginal Self-Government
  65. Ipperwash, Caledonia, and Aboriginal Injustice
  66. Nunavut and the Nisga’a Treaty
  67. Contemporary Aboriginal Issues
  68. Political Activity
  69. “On-Reserve” and “Off-Reserve”Aboriginal Peoples
  70. The Kelowna Accord and Court Cases
  71. The Harper Government
  72. Theoretical Considerations
  73. Conclusion
  74. Discussion Questions
  75. Notes
  76. Further Reading
  77. Chapter 5: French Canada and the Quebec Question
  78. The French–English Demographic Profile Today
  79. Different Conceptions Of French Canada
  80. Historical Overview Of French–English Relations
  81. Pre-Confederation Developments
  82. Ethnic/Linguistic Conflicts, 1867–1960
  83. Pre-1960 Quebec Nationalism
  84. The Quiet Revolution: Quebec In The 1960s
  85. Quebec And French Canada Since 1970
  86. The 1970s
  87. The 1980s
  88. The 1990s
  89. Party Support in Quebec
  90. Developments in Other Provinces and Territories
  91. Contemporary Issues
  92. Conclusion
  93. Discussion Questions
  94. Notes
  95. Further Reading
  96. Chapter 6: Ethnocultural Minorities
  97. A Profile Of Ethnocultural Minorities Today
  98. Theoretical Considerations
  99. History Of Canadian Immigration
  100. Racial Discrimination
  101. Overcoming Discrimination: Multiculturalism, Equity, And Inclusiveness
  102. Current Ethnocultural Issues
  103. Conclusion
  104. Discussion Questions
  105. Notes
  106. Further Reading
  107. Chapter 7: Gender
  108. Theoretical Considerations
  109. Evolution Of Women’s Rights To 1970
  110. The Women’s Movement After 1970
  111. Representation in Politics and Government
  112. Employment Issues
  113. Constitutional, Legal, and Aboriginal Women’s Issues
  114. Reproduction, Sexuality, Health, and Violence Issues
  115. The Feminization of Poverty and Child Care
  116. Women’s Centres and Women’s Groups
  117. Contemporary Issues
  118. Gay, Lesbian, And Transgender Issues And Identities
  119. Conclusion
  120. Discussion Questions
  121. Notes
  122. Further Reading
  123. Chapter 8: Class
  124. Theoretical Considerations
  125. A Profile Of Class Divisions In Canada Today
  126. The Upper Class
  127. Identifying the Corporate Elite
  128. Demands of the Corporate Elite and Results
  129. The Middle Class
  130. The Working Class
  131. The Poor
  132. The Rise And Decline Of The Social Safety Net
  133. The Rise
  134. The Decline
  135. Conclusion
  136. Discussion Questions
  137. Notes
  138. Further Reading
  139. Chapter 9: Urban/Rural Location, Religion, and Age
  140. Theoretical Considerations
  141. Urban/Rural Location
  142. Religion
  143. Separate Schools
  144. Other Religious Issues
  145. Current Religious Issues
  146. Age
  147. Earlier Struggles
  148. Population Projections
  149. Future Issues
  150. Conclusion
  151. Discussion Questions
  152. Notes
  153. Further Reading
  154. Chapter 10: Canada’s External Environment: The United States and the World
  155. The Global Setting
  156. Foreign Governments
  157. International Organizations
  158. International Agreements
  159. Transnational Corporations and Globalization
  160. International Terrorism
  161. U.S. Influences In Defence, Foreign, And Border Policies
  162. Canadian Defence Policy
  163. Canadian Foreign Policy
  164. Canadian Border Policy
  165. U.S. Economic Influences On Canada
  166. Foreign Investment
  167. Trade
  168. The Canada–U.S. Free Trade Agreement
  169. North American Free Trade Agreement
  170. Other Trade Issues
  171. The Environment
  172. Energy
  173. Trade Unions
  174. The Canadian Economy in an Age of Globalization
  175. U.S. Influences On Canadian Culture
  176. Television
  177. Magazines
  178. Film and Video
  179. Publishing
  180. Newspapers, Radio, and Sound Recordings
  181. Other Cultural Industries
  182. Canadian Cultural Industries in an Age of Globalization
  183. U.S. Influences On Other Aspects Of Canadian Life
  184. Conclusion
  185. Discussion Questions
  186. Notes
  187. Further Reading
  188. Part 3: Linking People to Government
  189. Chapter 11: The Canadian Political Culture
  190. Theoretical Considerations
  191. Democracy
  192. Popular Sovereignty
  193. Political Equality
  194. Political Freedom
  195. Majority Rule and Minority Rights
  196. Distinguishing Between Canadian And American Values
  197. Balance Between Individualism and Collectivism
  198. Particularism, Diversity, and Tolerance
  199. Deference to Authority
  200. Egalitarianism
  201. Caution, Diffidence, Dependence, Idealism, and Nonviolence
  202. Other Statements of Basic Values
  203. Is Canada’s Political Culture Changing?
  204. “Limited Identities”: Subcultures In Canada
  205. Regional and Provincial/Territorial Subcultures
  206. Ethnic Subcultures
  207. Class Subcultures
  208. Conclusion
  209. Discussion Questions
  210. Notes
  211. Further Reading
  212. Chapter 12: Political Socialization, the Mass Media, and Public Opinion Polls
  213. Theoretical Considerations
  214. Political Socialization
  215. The Family
  216. The School
  217. Peers
  218. Other Agents of Political Socialization
  219. The Mass Media
  220. Media Ownership and Control in Canada
  221. The Changing Media World
  222. The Internet
  223. The Media and the Public
  224. The Media and the Politicians
  225. Public Opinion Polls
  226. Measuring Public Opinion
  227. The Importance of Polls in Elections
  228. Impact of Polls on the Authorities
  229. Conclusion
  230. Discussion Questions
  231. Notes
  232. Further Reading
  233. Chapter 13: Elections and the Electoral System
  234. Theoretical Considerations
  235. Drawing The Electoral Map
  236. Distribution of Seats among Provinces
  237. Drawing Constituency Boundaries
  238. The Official Election Machinery
  239. Setting the Date
  240. Election Officials
  241. The Voters’ List
  242. Nomination
  243. Election Day
  244. The Ballot
  245. The Franchise
  246. Controversies during the 2011 and 2015 Elections
  247. The Proportionality Of The Electoral System
  248. Discrepancies between Seats and Votes: National Level
  249. Discrepancies between Seats and Votes: By Province
  250. Remedies
  251. Financing Elections
  252. Pre-1974
  253. Federal Election Finance Law and Its Results, 1974–2003
  254. Federal Election Finance Law after 2003
  255. Third-Party Advertising and the Royal Commission on Electoral Reform and Party Financing
  256. Conclusion
  257. Discussion Questions
  258. Notes
  259. Further Reading
  260. Chapter 14: Political Parties and the Party System
  261. Theoretical Considerations
  262. Historical Evolution Of Canadian Parties
  263. The First Party System, 1867–1921
  264. The Second Party System, 1921–1957
  265. The Third Party System, 1957–1993
  266. The Fourth Party System, 1993–2015
  267. Interpretations Of The Canadian Party System
  268. The Broker System
  269. Ideological or Class-Based Parties
  270. Party Ideology
  271. Party Organization
  272. Party Membership
  273. Party Leadership
  274. Party Policymaking
  275. General Structures and Operations
  276. Conclusion
  277. Discussion Questions
  278. Notes
  279. Further Reading
  280. Chapter 15: The Election Campaign, Voting, and Political Participation
  281. The National Party Campaign
  282. Party Headquarters and Pre-Writ Preparations
  283. Election Strategy
  284. The Election Platform
  285. The Leader’s Tour
  286. Media Coverage
  287. National Media Advertising
  288. Political Marketing
  289. The Leaders’ Debates
  290. The 2015 Election Campaign
  291. The Local Candidate Campaign
  292. Nomination
  293. The Local Campaign
  294. The Voter Choice
  295. Sociodemographic Bases of Party Support
  296. Core Values and Beliefs
  297. Party Identification
  298. The Issues, the Economy, and the Government’s Performance
  299. Leadership
  300. Strategic Voting
  301. Political Participation
  302. Electoral Participation
  303. Non-electoral Participation
  304. Conclusion
  305. Discussion Questions
  306. Notes
  307. Further Reading
  308. Chapter 16: Advocacy Groups, Social Movements, and Lobbying
  309. Theoretical Considerations
  310. The Array Of Canadian Advocacy Groups
  311. Business Groups
  312. Nonbusiness Groups
  313. Other Categorizations of Advocacy Groups
  314. Social Movements
  315. Advocacy Group Structures
  316. Targets And Methods Of Advocacy Group Activity
  317. Policy Communities and Policy Networks
  318. The Bureaucracy
  319. The Prime Minister, the Cabinet, and Ministers
  320. Parliament
  321. Other Targets
  322. Group Resources And Determinants Of Success
  323. Lobbying In Canada
  324. Emergence of Modern Lobbying
  325. Legalizing Lobbying: The Registration System
  326. Lobbying under the Chrétien, Martin,and Harper Governments
  327. Conclusion
  328. Discussion Questions
  329. Notes
  330. Further Reading
  331. Part 4: The Consitutional Context
  332. Chapter 17: The Canadian Constitution and Constitutional Change
  333. Components Of The Canadian Constitution
  334. The Constitution Act, 1867
  335. Amendments to the Constitution Act, 1867
  336. British Statutes and Orders in Council
  337. Organic Canadian Statutes
  338. Constitution Act, 1982
  339. Judicial Decisions
  340. Constitutional Conventions
  341. The Pre-1960 Quest For Contitutional Change
  342. A Domestic Constitutional Amending Formula
  343. A Constitutional Charter of Rights
  344. Mega-Constitutional Change, 1960–2000
  345. The Victoria Charter
  346. The Constitution Act, 1982
  347. The Meech Lake Accord
  348. The Charlottetown Accord
  349. The 1992 Referendum
  350. Post-Charlottetown Constitutional Developments
  351. Single-Issue Constitutional Change
  352. Post-1982 Formal Constitutional Amendments
  353. Constitutional Change relating to Aboriginal Canadians
  354. Instruments of Constitutional Change otherthan Formal Amendments
  355. Conclusion
  356. Discussion Questions
  357. Notes
  358. Further Reading
  359. Chapter 18: The Federal System
  360. The Confederation Settlement
  361. Evolution Of Canadian Federalism To 2000
  362. Division of Powers
  363. Federal–Provincial Finance
  364. Federal Controls
  365. Phases Of Canadian Federalism
  366. Canadian Federalism, 1867–1945
  367. Canadian Federalism, 1945–2000
  368. Canadian Federalism in the 21st Century
  369. Conclusion
  370. Discussion Questions
  371. Notes
  372. Further Reading
  373. Chapter 19: The Charter of Rights and Freedoms
  374. Defining And Protecting Rights And Freedoms
  375. En Route To The Charter
  376. The Charter Of Rights And Freedoms
  377. The Reasonable Limits Clause
  378. Fundamental Freedoms
  379. Democratic Rights
  380. Mobility Rights
  381. Legal Rights
  382. Equality Rights
  383. Official Languages of Canada
  384. Minority-Language Education Rights
  385. Other Provisions
  386. Application Of The Charter
  387. The Notwithstanding Clause
  388. Implications Of Constitutionalizing The Charter Of Rights
  389. Criticism from Right and Left
  390. Dialogue between Legislatures and Courts
  391. Conclusion
  392. Discussion Questions
  393. Notes
  394. Further Reading
  395. Part 5: Governing
  396. Chapter 20: The Policymaking Process and Policy Instruments
  397. The Changing Role Of The State
  398. The Policymaking Process
  399. Initiation
  400. Priority Setting
  401. Policy Formulation
  402. Legitimation
  403. Implementation
  404. Interpretation
  405. Policy Communities Revisited
  406. Policy Instruments
  407. Privatization
  408. Symbolic Response
  409. Exhortation
  410. Tax Expenditures
  411. Public Expenditures
  412. Regulation
  413. Taxation
  414. Public Ownership
  415. State of Emergency
  416. The Environment As A Case Study
  417. Conclusion
  418. Discussion Questions
  419. Notes
  420. Further Reading
  421. Chapter 21: The Executive: Crown, Prime Minister, and Cabinet
  422. The Crown
  423. The Governor General
  424. Powers of the Crown
  425. Other Functions of the Crown
  426. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Monarchy
  427. The Prime Minister And Cabinet
  428. Powers of the Prime Minister and Cabinet
  429. The Prime Minister
  430. Prime Ministerial Tenure And Style
  431. Composition of the Cabinet
  432. Operation of the Cabinet
  433. Central Agencies
  434. Conclusion
  435. Discussion Questions
  436. Notes
  437. Further Reading
  438. Chapter 22: The Bureaucracy
  439. Functions And Powers Of The Bureaucracy
  440. Government Departments
  441. Number, Structure, and Size
  442. Responsibility and Accountability at the Top of the Department
  443. Exempt Staff
  444. The Rest of the Department
  445. Relations with Other Departments and Central Agencies
  446. The Merit Principle and a Representative Bureaucracy
  447. The Estimates System
  448. Departmental Interaction with Provinces and the Public
  449. Crown Corporations
  450. Administrative Agencies
  451. Controlling The Bureaucracy
  452. Prime Minister, Ministers, and Cabinet
  453. Bureaucrats Controlling Bureaucrats
  454. House of Commons
  455. The Judiciary
  456. Watchdog Agencies
  457. Bureaucratic Accountability
  458. Conclusion
  459. Discussion Questions
  460. Notes
  461. Further Reading
  462. Chapter 23: Parliament
  463. Functions And Powers Of The House Of Commons
  464. Composition Of The House Of Commons
  465. The Parliamentary Timetable
  466. The Typical Session
  467. The Typical Week
  468. Party Discipline
  469. Caucus Meetings
  470. Stages And Kinds Of Legislation
  471. Organization And Officers Of The Commons
  472. The Speaker
  473. House Leaders, Party Whips, and Clerk
  474. Voting
  475. Speeches
  476. The Committee System
  477. Members’ Services And Ethics
  478. Roles Of Members Of Parliament
  479. The Government–Opposition Balance
  480. Minority Government
  481. Reform Of The House Of Commons
  482. Purposes And Powers Of The Senate
  483. Composition Of The Senate
  484. Operation Of The Senate
  485. Senate Reform
  486. The Harper Proposals
  487. Conclusion
  488. Discussion Questions
  489. Notes
  490. Further Reading
  491. Chapter 24: The Judiciary
  492. The Function Of Adjudication
  493. Access to and Costs of Justice
  494. Categories Of Laws
  495. Structure Of The Courts
  496. Provincial and Territorial Courts of Appeal
  497. The Federal Court of Canada
  498. The Supreme Court Of Canada
  499. The Appointment Of Judges
  500. Retirement, Removal, And Independence Of Judges
  501. Conclusion
  502. Discussion Questions
  503. Notes
  504. Further Reading
  505. Appendix A: Constitution Act, 1867 (excerpts)
  506. Appendix B Constitution Act, 1982, Schedule B
  507. Glossary
  508. Index

 

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