Unit I Introduction to Theory 1
1 Philosophy, Science, and Nursing Melanie McEwen 2
Nursing as a Profession 2
Nursing as an Academic Discipline 3
Introduction to Science and Philosophy 5
Science and Philosophical Schools of Thought 7
Nursing Philosophy, Nursing Science, and Philosophy of Science in Nursing 12
Knowledge Development and Nursing Science 12
Research Methodology and Nursing Science 16
2 Overview of Theory in Nursing Melanie McEwen 23
Introduction 24
Overview of Theory 25
The Importance of Theory in Nursing 25
Terminology of Theory 26
Historical Overview: Theory Development in Nursing 26
Classification of Theories in Nursing 33
Issues in Theory Development in Nursing 41
3 Concept Development: Clarifying Meaning of Terms Evelyn M. Wills Melanie McEwen 51
Introduction 52
The Concept of “Concept” 53
Concept Analysis/Concept Development 57
Strategies for Concept Analysis and Concept Development 59
4 Theory Development: Structuring Conceptual Relationships in Nursing Melanie McEwen 74
Introduction 75
Overview of Theory Development 75
Categorizations of Theory 76
Components of a Theory 80
Theory Development 84
5 Theory Analysis and Evaluation Melanie McEwen 97
Introduction 97
Definition and Purpose of Theory Evaluation 98
Historical Overview of Theory Analysis and Evaluation 99
Comparisons of Methods 107
Synthesized Method of Theory Evaluation 109
Unit II Nursing Theories 119
6 Overview of Grand Nursing Theories Evelyn M. Wills 120
Introduction 121
Categorization of Conceptual Frameworks and Grand Theories 123
Specific Categories of Models and Theories for This Unit 128
Analysis Criteria for Grand Nursing Theories 128
The Purpose of Critiquing Theories 131
7 Grand Nursing Theories Based on Human Needs Evelyn M. Wills 135
Introduction 135
Florence Nightingale: Nursing: What It Is and What It Is Not 136
Virginia Henderson: The Principles and Practice of Nursing 140
Faye G. Abdellah: Patient-Centered Approaches to Nursing 143
Dorothea Orem: The Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory 146
Dorothy Johnson: The Behavioral System Model 150
Betty Neuman: The Neuman Systems Model 155
8 Grand Nursing Theories Based on Interactive Process Evelyn M. Wills 164
Introduction 165
Barbara Artinian: The Intersystem Model 165
Helen C. Erickson, Evelyn M. Tomlin, and Mary Ann P. Swain: Modeling and Role-Modeling 170
Imogene King: King’s Conceptual System and Theory of Goal Attainment and Transactional Process 174
Sister Callista Roy: The Roy Adaptation Model 178
Jean Watson: Human Caring Science, a Theory of Nursing 183
9 Grand Nursing Theories Based on Unitary Process Evelyn M. Wills 192
Introduction 193
Martha Rogers: The Science of Unitary and Irreducible Human Beings 193
Margaret Newman: Health as Expanding Consciousness 198
Rosemarie Parse: The Humanbecoming Paradigm 203
10 Introduction to Middle Range Nursing Theories Melanie McEwen 213
Introduction 213
Purposes of Middle-Range Theory 214
Characteristics of Middle-Range Theory 215
Concepts and Relationships for Middle-Range Theory 217
Categorizing Middle-Range Theory 217
Development of Middle-Range Theory 218
Analysis and Evaluation of Middle-Range Theory 226
11 Overview of Selected Middle-Range Nursing Theories Melanie McEwen 230
Introduction 231
High Middle-Range Theories 231
Middle Middle-Range Theories 242
Low Middle-Range Theories 250
12 Evidence-Based Practice and Nursing Theory Evelyn M. Wills Melanie McEwen 261
Introduction 262
Overview of EBP 263
Definition and Characteristics of EBP 264
Concerns Related to EBP in Nursing 264
EBP and Practice-Based Evidence 266
Promotion of EBP in Nursing 266
Theory and EBP 267
Theoretical Models of EBP 268
Unit III Shared Theories Used by Nurses 283
13 Theories From the Sociologic Sciences Joan C. Engebretson 284
Introduction 285
Systems Theories 285
Social Construction and Interaction Theories 290
Exchange Theories and Conflict Critical Theories 296
Complexity Science, Chaos Theory, and CAS 303
14 Theories From the Behavioral Sciences Melanie McEwen 312
Introduction 313
Psychodynamic Theories 314
Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Theories 320
Humanistic Theories 322
Stress Theories 326
Social Psychology 329
15 Theories From-the Biomedical Sciences Melanie McEwen 342
Introduction 343
Theories and Models of Disease Causation 343
Theories and Principles Related to Physiology and Physical Functioning 351
16 Theories, Models, and Frameworks From Leadership and Management Melinda Granger Oberleitner 368
Introduction 369
Overview of Concepts of Leadership and Management 369
Early Leadership Theories 370
Contemporary Leadership Theories 377
Organizational/Management Theories 379
Motivational Theories 380
Concepts of Power, Empowerment, and Change 383
Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Processes 387
Conflict Management 388
Quality Improvement 389
Evidence-Based Practice 395
17 Learning Theories Evelyn M. Wills Melanie McEwen 401
Introduction 402
What Is Learning? 402
What Is Teaching? 403
Categorization of Learning Theories 404
Behavioral Learning Theories 404
Cognitive Learning Theories 407
Learning Styles 418
Principles of Learning 420
Application of Learning Theories in Nursing 420
18 Ethical Theories and Principles Cathy L. Rozmus 425
Introduction 426
Ethics and Philosophy: An Overview 426
Philosophical Theories of Ethics 427
Bioethical Principles 433
Ethical Decision-Making 441
Unit IV Application of Theory in Nursing 447
19 Application of Theory in Nursing Practice Melanie McEwen 448
Introduction 449
Relationship Between Theory and Practice 450
Theory-Based Nursing Practice 451
The Theory-Practice Gap 452
Situation-Specific/Practice Theories in Nursing 454
Application of Theory in Nursing Practice 459
20 Application of Theory in Nursing Research Melanie McEwen 467
Introduction 467
Historical Overview of Research and Theory in Nursing 468
Relationship Between Research and Theory 469
Types of Theory and Corresponding Research 471
How Theory Is Used in Research 475
Nursing and Non-Nursing Theories in Nursing Research 482
Other Issues in Nursing Theory and Nursing Research 483
21 Application of Theory in Nursing Administration and Management Melinda Granger Oberleitner 491
Introduction 492
Organizational Design 492
Shared/Professional Governance 496
Transformational Leadership in Nursing and in Health Care 499
Patient Care Delivery Models 500
Case Management 506
Disease/Chronic Illness Management 507
Quality Management 510
22 Application or Theory in Nursing Education Melanie McEwen Evelyn M. Wills 519
Introduction 520
Theoretical Issues in Nursing Curricula 521
Theoretical Issues in Nursing Instruction 528
23 Future Issues in Nursing Theory Melanie McEwen 538
Introduction 539
Future Issues in Nursing Science 541
Future Issues in Nursing Theory 542
Theoretical Perspectives on Future Issues in Nursing Practice, Research, Administration and Management, and Education 543
Glossary 555
Author Index 567
Subject Index 589
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